آموزش جستجو در پابمد

پابمد یک موتور جستجوی رایگان است که به کاربران اجازه دسترسی به مقالات منتشر شده در پایگاه های داده زیر مجموعه خود، از جمله دو پایگاه داده معروف Medline و PMC را می دهد. جهت دسترسی به این سایت می توانید از طریق لینک زیر اقدام بفرمایید:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

جهت جستجو در PubMed، محیط کاربری بسیار راحتی در اختیار پژوهشگران قرار می گیرد که در ویدیو به طور کامل به تفکیک درمورد هریک از بخش های پاب مد توضیح داده شده است.

از قسمت User Guide (راهنمای کاربران) به طور کامل در مورد نحوه استفاده و جستجو در پاب مد آموزش داده شده است، که لینک دسترسی به این بخش از پاب مد در زیر قرار داده است:

PubMed User Guide

همچنین در نظر داشته باشید که در بخش جستجوی پیشرفته به شما امکان انتخاب واژگان کلیدی خود در بخش های مختلفی از مقاله را می دهد که به تفکیک در زیر برای شما آورده شده است:

Affiliation [ad]

Affiliation may be included for authors, corporate authors and investigators, e.g., cleveland [ad] AND clinic [ad], if submitted by the publisher.

All Fields [all]

Untagged terms and terms tagged with [all] are processed using Automatic Term Mapping (ATM). Terms that do not map are searched in all search fields except for Place of Publication, Create Date, Completion Date, Entry Date, MeSH Date, and Modification Date. Terms enclosed in double quotes or truncated will be searched in all fields and not processed using automatic term mapping. PubMed ignores stopwords.

Article Identifier [aid]

Includes article identifiers submitted by journal publishers such as DOI (digital object identifier).

Author [au]

Searching by full author name for articles published from 2002 forward is also possible, if available.

Author Identifier [auid]

The author identifier includes a unique identifier associated with an author, corporate or investigator name, if supplied by a publisher.

Book [book]

The book search field includes book citations, e.g., genereviews [book].

Completion Date [dcom]

Used by NLM for internal processing. Completon Date is not included in All Fields retrieval; the [dcom] search tag is required.

Conflict of Interest Statement [cois]

The conflict of interest statement from the published article. Conflict of interest statements are available when supplied by the publisher in the citation data sent to PubMed, or when included in full text articles in PubMed Central (PMC).

Corporate Author [cn]

Corporate author identifies the corporate or collective authorship of an article. Corporate names display exactly as they appear in the journal.

Create Date [crdt]

The date the citation record was first created in PubMed. Create Date can be helpful when checking PubMed for citations added since the last time a query was run.

EC/RN Number [rn]

EC/RN numbers are assigned by:

    The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Substance Registration System for Unique Ingredient Identifiers (UNIIs), e.g., Y92OUS2H9B
    The Enzyme Commission (EC) to designate a particular enzyme, e.g., EC 1.1.1.57
    The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) for Registry Numbers, e.g., 2751-14-6

The EC/RN number search field includes both the Registry Number and the Related Registry Number (available in the NLM MeSH Browser).

Editor [ed]

The editor search field includes the editors for book or chapter citations.

Entry Date [edat]

Entry date (EDAT) is used for PubMed processing, such as “Most Recent” sort order (i.e., last in, first out).

Filter [filter] [sb]

Technical tags used by LinkOut, filters include:

    loall[sb] - citations with LinkOut links in PubMed
    free full text[sb] - citations that include a link to a free full text article
    full text[sb] - citations that include a link to a full text article

First Author Name [1au]

The first personal author name in a citation.

Full Author Name [fau]

The full author name for articles published from 2002 forward, if available. Full author searches can be entered in natural or inverted order, e.g., julia s wong or wong julia s.

Full Investigator Name [fir]

The index for the article's full investigator or collaborator name, if available. Full investigator searches can be entered in natural or inverted order, e.g., harry janes or janes harry.

Grants and Funding [gr]

The Grants and funding [gr] search field (previously Grant Number) includes grant numbers, contract numbers, or other intramural research identifiers associated with a publication.

Investigator [ir]

Names of principal investigator(s) or collaborators who contributed to the research. Search names following the author field format, for example: soller b[ir].

ISBN [isbn]

The ISBN for book or book chapters.

Issue [ip]

The number of the journal issue in which the article was published.

Journal [ta]

The journal search field includes the journal title abbreviation, full journal title, or ISSN/eISSN number (e.g., J Biol Chem, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 0021-9258). If a journal title contains special characters, e.g., parentheses, brackets, enter the name without these characters, e.g., enter J Hand Surg [Am] as J Hand Surg Am.

Language [la]

The language search field includes the language in which the article was published. Note that many non-English articles have English language abstracts. You may search using either the language or the first three characters of most languages, e.g., chi [la] retrieves the same results as chinese [la]. The most notable exception is jpn [la] for Japanese.

Last Author Name [lastau]

The last personal author name in a citation.

Location ID [lid]

Location ID includes the DOI or publisher ID that serves the role of pagination to locate an online article.

MeSH Date [mhda]

The date the citation was indexed with MeSH Terms and elevated to MEDLINE for citations with an Entry Date after March 4, 2000. The MeSH Date is initially set to the Entry Date when the citation is added to PubMed. MeSH Date is not included in All Fields retrieval; the [mhda] search tag is required.

MeSH Major Topic [majr]

A MeSH term that is one of the main topics discussed in the article denoted by an asterisk on the MeSH term or MeSH/Subheading combination, e.g., Cytokines/physiology* See MeSH Terms [mh] below.

MeSH Subheadings [sh]

MeSH Subheadings are used with MeSH terms to help describe more completely a particular aspect of a subject. For example, the drug therapy of asthma is displayed as asthma/drug therapy; see MeSH/Subheading Combinations in MeSH Terms [mh] below.

The MeSH Subheading field allows users to "free float" Subheadings, e.g., hypertension [mh] AND toxicity [sh].

MeSH Subheadings automatically include the more specific Subheading terms under the term in a search. To turn off this automatic feature, use the search syntax [sh:noexp], e.g., therapy [sh:noexp].

In addition, you can enter the two-letter MeSH Subheading abbreviations rather than spelling out the Subheading, e.g., dh [sh] = diet therapy [sh].

MeSH Terms [mh]

The NLM Medical Subject Headings controlled vocabulary of biomedical terms that is used to describe the subject of each journal article in MEDLINE. MeSH is updated annually to reflect changes in medicine and medical terminology. MeSH terms are arranged hierarchically by subject categories with more specific terms arranged beneath broader terms. PubMed allows you to view this hierarchy and select terms for searching in the MeSH Database.

Modification Date [lr]

Modification date is a completed citation’s most recent revision date. Modification Date is not included in All Fields retrieval; the [lr] search tag is required.

NLM Unique ID [jid]

The NLM ID is the alpha-numeric identifier for the cited journal that was assigned by the NLM Integrated Library System LocatorPlus, e.g., 0375267 [jid].

Other Term [ot]

The author keyword field (OT field) is searchable with the title/abstract [tiab], text word [tw] and other term [ot] search tags. To retrieve all citations that have keywords, use the query haskeyword. Other term data may display an asterisk to indicate a major concept; however, you cannot search other terms with a major concept tag.

Pagination [pg]

Enter only the first page number that the article appears on. The citation will display the full pagination of the article but this field is searchable using only the first page number.

Personal Name as Subject [ps]

Use this search field tag to limit retrieval to where the name is the subject of the article, e.g., varmus h[ps]. Search for personal names as subject using the author field format, e.g., varmus h[ps].

Pharmacological Action [pa]

Substances known to have a particular pharmacologic action. Each pharmacologic action term index is created with the drug/substance terms known to have that effect. This includes both MeSH terms and terms for Supplementary Concept Records.

Place of Publication [pl]

Indicates the cited journal's country of publication. Geographic place of publication regions are not searchable. In order to retrieve records for all countries in a region (e.g., North America) it is necessary to OR together the countries of interest. Note: This field is not included in all fields or text word retrieval.

PMCID and MID

Search for PMC or NIH manuscript identifiers using the appropriate prefix followed by the ID number, e.g., PMC2600426. To retrieve all NIH manuscript citations, use the query hasnihmsid.

PMID [pmid]

To search for a PubMed Identifier (PMID), enter the ID with or without the search field tag [pmid]. You can search for several PMIDs by entering each number in the search box separated by a space (e.g., 17170002 16381840); PubMed will OR the PMIDs together.

PMIDs do not change over time or during processing and are never reused.
Publication Date [dp]

Publication date is the date that the article was published. The search field tags [dp] and [pdat] may be used interchangeably for publication date searching.

Dates or date ranges must be searched using the format yyyy/mm/dd [dp], e.g., 1998/03/06 [dp]. The month and day are optional (e.g., 1998 [dp] or 1998/03 [dp]).

To enter a date range search, insert a colon (:) between each date, e.g., 1996:1998 [dp] or 1998/01:1998/04 [dp].

Use the following format to search X days, months or years immediately preceding today’s date where X = numeric value:

    "last X days"[dp]
    "last X months"[dp]
    "last X year"[dp]

Publication Type [pt]

Describes the material presented in the article (e.g., Review, Clinical Trial, Retracted Publication, Letter). Citations may include multiple Publication Types. Use the search tag [pt] with any PubMed Publication

Type, e.g., review[pt].

Publication Types are arranged hierarchically with more specific terms arranged beneath broader terms, and publication types automatically include the more specific publication types in a search. To turn off this automatic feature, use the search syntax [pt:noexp], e.g., review [pt:noexp].

Publisher [pubn]

Includes publisher names for Bookshelf citations.

Secondary Source ID [si]

The SI field identifies secondary source databanks and accession numbers, e.g., GenBank, GEO, PubChem, ClinicalTrials.gov, ISRCTN. The field is composed of the source followed by a slash followed by an accession number and can be searched with one or both components, e.g., genbank [si], AF001892 [si], genbank/AF001892 [si]. To retrieve all citations with an SI value, search hasdatabanklist.

Subset [sb]

The subset field is a method of restricting retrieval by subject, citation status and journal category, with the search tag [SB]. See also filters and Find related resources using LinkOut.

Supplementary Concept [nm]

Includes chemical, protocol, disease or organism terms. Synonyms to the supplementary concepts will automatically map when tagged with [nm]. This field was implemented in mid-1980; however, many chemical names are searchable as MeSH terms before that date.

Text Words [tw]

Includes all words and numbers in the title, abstract, other abstract, MeSH terms, MeSH Subheadings, Publication Types, Substance Names, Personal Name as Subject, Corporate Author, Secondary Source, Comment/Correction Notes, and Other Terms (see Other Term [OT] above) typically non-MeSH subject terms (keywords), including NASA Space Flight Mission, assigned by an organization other than NLM.

Title [ti]

Words and numbers included in the title of a citation, as well as the collection title for book citations.

Title/Abstract [tiab]

Words and numbers included in a citation's title, collection title, abstract, other abstract and author keywords (Other Term [ot] field). English language abstracts are taken directly from the published article. If an article does not have a published abstract, NLM does not create one.

Transliterated Title [tt]

Words and numbers in title originally published in a non-English language, in that language. Non-Roman alphabet language titles are transliterated. Transliterated title is not included in Text Word [TW] retrieval.

Volume [vi]

The number of the journal volume in which an article is published.